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technical and non-technical users. Additionally, for larger enterprises, API integrations with existing
Energy Management Systems (EMS) can provide a seamless user experience, allowing them to
leverage the benefits of blockchain without overhauling their current operations.
Despite these scalability improvements, there are inherent challenges in commercializing blockchain-
based energy solutions. The energy sector operates under highly specific regulatory frameworks that
vary across regions, complicating the implementation of a global blockchain solution. The lack of
standardization in energy certifications and trading practices means that the system must be adaptable
to different jurisdictions. Furthermore, the high initial costs of deploying and maintaining blockchain
infrastructure, combined with the need for regulatory approval, may delay adoption by large energy
companies [52].
5.5 Cost-Benefit Analysis
The cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of implementing VPPAs on the Optimistic Ethereum blockchain is
essential to understanding the economic feasibility of deploying smart contracts at scale. This
analysis considers the variables that impact both costs and benefits, focusing on gas fees, scalability
improvements, transaction efficiency, and the economic gains from utilizing a decentralized
platform for energy trading.
To perform this analysis, we will calculate the gas costs associated with executing smart contracts
and compare these to the potential benefits in terms of reduced transaction costs, increased
transparency, and improved security in energy trading. We will also look at the potential savings for
energy producers and buyers due to automation and reduced intermediaries in the energy market.
Variables and Gas Costs
The cost of deploying and interacting with smart contracts on the blockchain is directly proportional
to the gas consumed by the execution of contract functions. On Optimistic Ethereum, gas costs are
significantly lower than on Ethereum’s Layer 1 network, thanks to off-chain computation and
periodic rollups for settlement [31], [34], [35], [37], [51].
Key variables to consider in calculating costs include:
Transaction Type (e.g., contract creation, registration, trading, claiming)
Function Complexity (e.g., computational complexity of each smart contract function)
Gas Price (determined by the network at the time of transaction)
Gas Limit (the maximum amount of gas that a transaction can consume)
Average Gas Fee (measured in gwei)
We use the following mathematical formula to estimate gas costs on Ethereum:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 (𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑇𝐻) = 𝐺𝑎𝑠
𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑
× 𝐺𝑎𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
Where:
Gas Used refers to the actual amount of gas consumed by the transaction.
Gas Price is the price of gas in gwei, which fluctuates based on network congestion.
1 gwei = 10
−9
ETH.
Transactions on Layer 2 networks follow a different fee structure compared to those on Layer 1. For
Optimism, transaction fees consist of two main components: 1) Rollup Costs, which cover the
expense of bundling transactions into batches and submitting them to Ethereum (Layer 1), and