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high performance of Layer-2 processing with the robust security of the EVM on the Ethereum
mainnet.
4.3 Creating Smart Contracts
In the development of our system, the creation of smart contracts was essential to automate and
optimize the management of VPPAs on the Optimistic Ethereum blockchain. The smart contracts
were designed to handle key aspects of the VPPA lifecycle, including registration of participants,
creation and management of agreements, and energy trading, while ensuring transparency and
security throughout the process.
Assumptions and Design Considerations: In designing the smart contracts, we operated under several
assumptions tailored to the needs of our demonstration. One critical assumption was the need for
transparency in representing energy transactions and ownership, which led us to utilize blockchain
for storing and verifying these records. Our goal was to simulate how VPPAs could be managed in a
decentralized and efficient manner, without integrating real-world financial data, smart meters or
SCADA systems. Instead, we focused on developing a conceptual framework that illustrates the
potential benefits of blockchain technology in energy agreements.
Smart Contract Structure: To cover the various functionalities required for VPPAs, we developed
three (3) main smart contracts, each serving a distinct purpose:
1. Producer and Buyer Registries: The first set of contracts manages the registration and
deregistration of energy producers and buyers. These registries ensure that only authorized
participants can interact with VPPA functions, thus maintaining the integrity and security of
the system.
2. PPA Management Contract: The core contract facilitates the creation, approval, and trading
of PPAs. This contract allows producers to create PPAs with predefined terms, such as price,
duration, and the amount of energy to be traded. Buyers can then claim these PPAs based on
their specific needs or bid for auction-based PPAs.
3. Energy Trading Contract: This contract manages the trading of energy units between
producers and buyers. It includes functionalities to notify the network of available energy,
execute trades based on PPA terms, and log all transactions for future reference.
Focus on Demonstrating Potential Outcomes: Since the primary aim was to demonstrate how such a
system could function in a real-world scenario, we emphasized the practical aspects of VPPA
management rather than focusing on granular energy consumption data. For example, the energy
trading contract allows for the exchange of energy based on available kWhs linked to specific PPAs,
showcasing how the system can facilitate dynamic energy transactions and settlement on the
blockchain.
Implementation on Optimistic Ethereum: The smart contracts were developed using Solidity and
deployed on the Optimistic Ethereum network to leverage its Layer-2 scaling benefits, including
reduced transaction costs and increased throughput. Optimistic Ethereum’s EVM compatibility
ensured that our contracts could seamlessly integrate with existing Ethereum tools and libraries,
facilitating a smooth development and testing process.