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Figure 3: Graphic depiction of the flow of an Optimism transaction.
3.5 Scalability & Gas Costs
Scalability is one of the most critical challenges faced by blockchain networks, particularly Ethereum,
which has been a leading platform for DApps and smart contracts. The mainnet of Ethereum
processes transactions through a consensus mechanism that, while secure and decentralized,
inherently limits its throughput to approximately 15-30 transactions per second (TPS). This limited
capacity often leads to network congestion, resulting in high transaction fees (gas costs) and slower
transaction finality, especially during periods of high demand such as popular NFT drops or surges
in DeFi activity [25], [36].
Optimistic Ethereum addresses these scalability issues using a technology called optimistic rollups.
Rollups allow transactions to be processed off-chain, with only the summarized data posted on-chain.
This method reduces the amount of computation and storage required on the main Ethereum
blockchain, significantly increasing transaction throughput and reducing costs [32], [33], [37]. The
optimistic rollup approach assumes transactions are valid by default, hence the term "optimistic," and
includes a mechanism for fraud proofs to be submitted if invalid transactions are detected. This
approach drastically reduces the gas fees compared to Ethereum’s mainnet by minimizing the need
for on-chain operations.
On Ethereum’s mainnet, transaction costs are determined by gas fees, which are paid in Ether (ETH).
The gas price fluctuates based on network demand and is measured in gwei (a unit of ETH). For
instance, during times of high congestion, gas fees can spike, resulting in costs of $10 to $50 or more
per transaction. For complex transactions, such as those involving smart contracts in DeFi protocols,