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remains unchallenged, it is deemed genuine; if disputed and subsequently disproven, the
accountable node is penalised.
7. To revert to layer 1, users' Optimistic Ethereum is extinguished, and a corresponding
quantity of Ethereum is disbursed from the layer 1 contract. Withdrawals adhere to the
identical seven-day verification time stipulated by Optimism's security framework.
3.3 Optimistic Virtual Machine (OVM)
State transitions represent the changes within the EVM that occur with every transaction. To
prevent off-chain invalid state transitions, which could cause incorrect transactions when returning
to Layer 1, Optimism introduced the OVM. This ensures that Layer 2 inherits the security protocols
of the EVM and maintains the integrity of Layer 1. However, this process is complex, as
inconsistencies such as block timestamps in Layer 2 can lead to errors in outputs [32], [33], [34].
3.4 Blocks
Blocks are generated at a rate of one every 2 seconds in Optimism Bedrock. Bedrock depends on a
solitary entity, known as the Sequencer, for the manufacturing of blocks. The Sequencer is presently
in the ownership and operation of the Optimism Foundation [34]. It holds a semi-trusted position
within the Optimism technological stack.
The Sequencer is an Optimism node that performs three main functions:
1. It orders TXs and builds Layer 2 (L2) blocks.
2. It confirms transactions and changes the state.
3. It sends user TXs and state commitments to the Ethereum network.
The Sequencer fulfils two primary functions: (1)serving as a batcher and (2) acting as a proposer. The
role of a batcher involves arranging and compacting a collection of recent transactions, and
subsequently transmitting this data to the Ethereum network. Proposing involves making declarations
regarding the L2 state after executing the batched transactions on the latest state. If the Sequencer is
corrupted, it has the ability to censor transactions that the batcher chooses to ignore. Figure 3
illustrates the transaction flow on Optimism [35].