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Chapter 3: Optimistic Ethereum Blockchain
3.1 Overview
Optimism (OP) is a Layer 2 (L2) scaling solution specifically created to tackle the scalability issues
faced by Ethereum. Optimism is responsible for the development and operation of OP mainnet, which
is an optimistic-rollup L2 solution and is constructed via optimistic roll-up technology. The present
iteration is recognised as Optimism Bedrock. In the realm of blockchain architecture, a roll-up refers
to a blockchain that obtains its security from a higher-level chain. Ethereum serves as the parent chain
for Optimism. Optimism utilizes Ethereum to store and archive block data in a compressed format,
resulting in cost savings and leveraging the robust security measures provided by the platform. This
solution enhances the processing capacity of Ethereum by regularly grouping compressed
transactions and distributing the associated costs among multiple users. The optimistic aspect of the
technology operates under the assumption that submitted transactions (TXs) are inherently legitimate
and accurate [31]. An invalid transaction has its on-chain obligations invalidated only when a fault
proof is witnessed after a block is released. By utilising the security of the main blockchain and the
efficiency benefits of compressing transactions, the cost structure and scalability of an optimistic roll-
up are significantly enhanced. Optimism aims to achieve maximum compatibility with Ethereum and
enhance its usefulness [32].
3.2 The Optimistic System
Optimism, categorised as a layer two solution, functions directly on the Ethereum Blockchain by
employing smart contracts to replicate an altered version of the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).
This adapted version, called the OVM, is discussed further in section 3.3. The transition of users
from the Ethereum mainnet to the Optimism network entails multiple processes [31], [32], [33].
1. Users choose the quantity of Ether they wish to transfer to the Optimism network.
2. They utilise the Optimism Gateway (https://gateway.optimism.io/) to commence the
transfer.
3. The chosen Ether is subtracted from the user's wallet and secured under a layer 1 smart
contract, which temporarily retains the cash and enables withdrawals when users revert to
layer 1.
4. A secondary smart contract replicates the EVM, generating a corresponding quantity of
Optimistic Ethereum tokens (for instance, depositing 100 Ether will yield 100 Optimistic
Ethereum tokens for utilisation on the layer 2 network).
5. These tokens are subsequently utilised for transactions, including peer-to-peer transfers or
contract interactions, all of which are aggregated into a rollup with further transactions.
6. The rollup is executed, hashed, and the outcome is transmitted back to layer 1. This hash is
subject to a seven-day dispute period, enabling nodes to validate its accuracy. If the outcome