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Chapter 2: Theoretical Part
2.1 Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs)
A PPA, also known as an electricity power agreement, is a legally binding contract between two
entities. One entity is responsible for generating electricity (referred to as the seller or developer),
while the other entity intends to buy electricity (referred to as the buyer). The PPA encompasses all
the contractual aspects related to the sale of power, such as fixed or indexed pricing, as well as the
scheduling of commercial operation and electricity delivery. It also includes provisions for penalties
in case of under delivery, payment terms, and termination conditions. A PPA is a crucial contract that
outlines the income and creditworthiness of a power generation project, making it a vital component
of project funding [6].
This contrasts with the conventional method of directly purchasing electricity from authorized
electricity providers, commonly referred to as utility (or wholesale) PPAs. PPA is a method of
selecting a specific form of energy, such as renewable energy, in order to enhance the overall rating
of a company's assets and reduce its carbon footprint [7]. By entering into a PPA with a solar or wind
farm, a company can achieve its goal of increasing the percentage of renewables in its energy mix
[8].
PPAs are utilized for power projects in situations where:
To ensure the viability of the project, it is necessary to have guarantees regarding the
quantities purchased and the price paid, as the projected revenues would otherwise be
uncertain.
The PPA offers protection against potential competition from cheaper or subsidized domestic
or international sources, such as a neighboring power plant producing power at a lower cost.
The project relies heavily on one or a few major customers who will be purchasing the
majority of the product. For instance, a government entity responsible for providing public
services may be procuring the electricity produced by a power generation facility [9]. The
government will seek to ascertain the cost of its power and ensure that it has priority access
to that power. The project business seeks assurance of consistent earnings, while the purchaser
desires to ensure a reliable and uninterrupted supply.
Table 1: Key business models involving PPAs.
Key business models involving PPAs
Description
Wholesale PPA
The most basic form of a PPA is the "Wholesale
model", in which the generator sells all the
power it produces back to the grid. The majority